Bee stings are common, and everyone has a different reaction
to being stung. As beekeepers, it is
inevitable that we will suffer stings from our bees. Read on to learn more
about the physiology and mechanisms of the sting as well as how to prevent and
mitigate stings from honey bees.
The Inevitable Sting
Beyond the initial pain, have you ever wondered about what
goes on when a bee stings? In preparation to sting, a honey bee brings its
abdomen forward and pierces its target with a barbed stinger, or stylet. The barbs on the stinger hold the bee’s victim
in place while venom is pumped into the victim. This venom, or apitoxin, is
composed of proteins that affect skin cells in the immediate area and causes a
general immune response. This response can result in anything from slight pain
and swelling around the sting to full-body anaphylactic shock (Mayo Clinic,
2020). For people with a life-threatening allergy to bee venom, medical
attention is required immediately (Mayo Clinic, 2020; Orkin, 2022).
As a first aid treatment, EpiPens® are usually carried by those with a bee sting allergy and can be crucial in delaying full anaphylaxis until accessing hospital treatment. An EpiPen® contains a drug similar to adrenaline. This treatment slows the allergic response by relaxing the muscles and helps stop the decrease in blood pressure caused by the venom. If an allergic reaction occurs from a bee sting and an EpiPen® is used, the victim still needs to seek immediate medical attention (EpiPen, 2022). Even If you are not allergic to bee stings yourself and do not carry an EpiPen®, it is still very important to know how to use one. The official EpiPen website provides a short, free course on how to properly use an EpiPen®. Knowledge of this information may help save a life.
Not only do bee stings affect humans, but they also affect
the bee. A worker honey bee’s stinger and venom sac are connected to the
digestive tract. When a bee stings, the stylet pierces the skin of the victim, and
as it pulls away the stinger and part of the digestive tract are left behind.
This will impair the bee and lead to death soon after. This only happens when
they sting animals that have thicker skin such as humans and bears. It is less
likely to happen when they sting things like small rodents which have thinner
skin (Wilson, 2022).
As the stinger will usually remain after the bee has stung,
it is important to properly remove these as quickly as possible. It is a common
belief that scraping the stinger is the best method. However, the most
important factor is how long the stinger is embedded in the skin, therefore the
quickest method is best (Visscher, 1996). It is also important to note that with
the sting, the honey bee alarm pheromone is released to warn other bees of
danger. This will cause defensive behavior
in the remaining bees and they will be enticed to sting the same locations. It
is a good idea after a sting to remove yourself from the area or mask the smell
of the pheromone with smoke.
Bee stings may be unexpected for most people, but for
beekeepers it is common. There are many things that can be done to limit the
number and severity of stings. Wearing
proper personal protective equipment (PPE) includes a bee suit or veil to
provide protection around the face. It is also recommended that all skin is
covered when beekeeping and openings around the ankle, waist, wrists, and neck
should be closed off. Bees can sting through the fabric, but the thickness will
help prevent the severity of the sting. Additionally, the use of a smoker will
help keep bees calm and deter them from stinging (Gartur Stitch Farm, 2021).
Figure 1: Different levels of
protection for beekeeping (ATTTA©2021)
Figure 2: Hive smoking tool (ATTTA©2021)
Written by
Rebecca Campbell, ATTTA Summer Research Assistant rcampbell@perennia.ca
EpiPen. 2022.
https://www.epipen.ca/how-epipen-works
Gartur Stitch Farm. 2021. Lets Talk PPE – for Beekeeping. https://garturstitchfarm.com/blog/lets-talk-ppe-for-beekeeping
Mayo Clinic. 2020.
Bee Sting. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bee-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353869#:~:text=To%20sting%2C%20a%20bee%20jabs,more%2Dserious%20immune%20system%20reaction.
Orkin. 2022. Honey Bee Sting. Orkin pest control. https://www.orkin.com/pests/stinging-pests/bees/honey-bees/honey-bee-sting
Riddle S.. 2016. Bee Venom and the Chemistry of Ouch. Bee
Culture. https://www.beeculture.com/bee-venom-chemistry-ouch/
Sartell J.. 2018. How to Calm Bees With Sugar Spray. Keeping
Backyard Bees.
https://www.keepingbackyardbees.com/how-to-calm-bees-with-sugar-spray-zbwz1808zsau/#:~:text=Before%20we%20work%20with%20a,to%20accept%20their%20new%20home.
Wilson T.. 2022. How Bees Work. How stuff works. https://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/bee.htm
Visscher P., Vetter R., Camazine S. 1996. Removing bee
stings. The Lancet, 348 (90230): 301-302
Connecting with ATTTA Specialists
If you’d like to connect with ATTTA specialists
or learn more about our program, you can:
visit our website at
https://www.perennia.ca/portfolio-items/honey-bees/
Email abyers@perennia.ca